Page 113 - Proceeding The 2nd International Seminar of Science and Technology : Accelerating Sustainable Innovation Towards Society 5.0

nd
The 2 International Seminar of Science and Technology
“Accelerating Sustainable innovation towards Society 5.0”
ISST 2022 FST UT 2022
Universitas Terbuka
natural predator of bacteria, phage can be found wherever bacteria
exist with a ratio about 10 to 1. Approximately there are more than
1031 phages in the sea, freshwater, and on the land [31]; [32]. Like
virus, bacteriophage also have genetic material in the form of DNA or
RNA that wrapped by a capsid made of protein. This capsid is
attached to a fibrous tail. The tail fiber will attach to receptors on the
bacterial cell surface for identify the bacteria (Figure. 3b) [33] [34]).

Figure 3. Scanning electron micrograph of a bacteriophage (a) and
general structure of a bacteriophage (b) [35] [36]

When a phage attaches to a bacterial cell receptor, it will replicate by
either lytic or lysogenic mechanisms. In the lytic mechanism, the
phage will inject its genetic material into the bacterial cell. After the
genetic material enters the cell, phage will use the host's ribosomes to
replicate its body parts e.g., capsid proteins, tail fibres, and genetic
material. The body parts then will arrange to become a phage. Then
phage make the host cell secrete the enzyme lysozyme which
destroys the bacterial cell wall. Bacterial cells will rupture and release
approximately 200 phage particles. Meanwhile, in the lysogenic
mechanism, the genetic material of the phage that injected into the
bacterial cell will integrate into the bacterial chromosome to become a
prophage. When a bacterial cell replicates, the prophage is passed on
to daughter cells without killing the cell. Prophage can initiate lytic
mechanisms if there is a change in environmental conditions [33], [37].

92 ISST 2022 – FST Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia
International Seminar of Science and Technology “Accelerating Sustainable
Towards Society 5.0