Page 115 - Proceeding The 2nd International Seminar of Science and Technology : Accelerating Sustainable Innovation Towards Society 5.0

nd
The 2 International Seminar of Science and Technology
“Accelerating Sustainable innovation towards Society 5.0”
ISST 2022 FST UT 2022
Universitas Terbuka
The next characteristic of phage that is considered potential is phage
usually specific. Phage are known to have a narrow host ratio i.e.
phages can only infect one bacterial species or strain [33] [34]. Phage
have a certain host ratio and this ratio depends on the presence of an
antifage mechanism in a strain. It also depends on the generalization
or specialization of the host to the phage receptor. The specific
characteristics of phages make phages do not infect other bacteria
i.e., microbiome flora. Phage also cannot infect other cell beside
bacteria i.e., animal or plant cells. In contrast, antibiotics are broad-
spectrum antibacterial agents which means antibiotic do not have a
specific target, thus they can kill many bacteria of various species [39].
Therefore, antibiotic therapy not only killing pathogenic bacteria, but
often infected microbiome flora also. This make the microbiome flora
imbalance and causes the host to become more sensitive to infection
[42], [43].
Another characteristic of phages that are considered to be potential as
antibiofilm is the ability of phages to penetrate to EPS biofilm matrix
which is impermeable to antibiotic molecules (Figure. 5). Biofilm can
be physically destroyed or chemically degraded using enzymes. One
of the enzymes that can be used is EPS depolymerase which is
secreted by phages [39], [41], [40]. EPS Depolymerase showed ability
to degrade polysaccharide bonds, exopolysaccharides, and O-
polysaccharides of biofilm lipopolysaccharides, also peptidoglycan in
the bacterial cell wall thus phages can infect bacteria within the biofilm
[41]. However, not all bacteriophages can secrete depolymerase
enzymes [1]. Even so, a study by Doolittle et al., [44] showed,
bacteriophage E. coli T4 can still penetrate efficiently into the biofilm
even though it does not have the ability to code gene that can secrete
depolymerase.

94 ISST 2022 – FST Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia
International Seminar of Science and Technology “Accelerating Sustainable
Towards Society 5.0