Page 111 - Proceeding The 2nd International Seminar of Science and Technology : Accelerating Sustainable Innovation Towards Society 5.0

nd
The 2 International Seminar of Science and Technology
“Accelerating Sustainable innovation towards Society 5.0”
ISST 2022 FST UT 2022
Universitas Terbuka
produced until it becomes a biofilm with a three-dimensional structure.
Bacteria also continue to divide until they reach maximum density. In
this stage the formation of channels, pores, and other structures
required by the biofilm occurs. This formation needed for facilitates the
circulation of water and nutrients as excretory channels for
microcolonies in the biofilm [19]–[21].
The last stage is dispersion stage. This stage is characterized by a
degraded biofilm matrix. Some bacteria can secrete enzymes that
help degrade the biofilm matrix, one of them is E. coli that secretes N-
acetyl-heparosan lyase. After the matrix is degraded, the bacteria will
secrete proteins related to the formation of flagella, thus restore the
motility of the bacteria. This causes the sessile bacteria return to
planktonic bacteria [19]–[21].
Biofilm provide advantages for bacteria such as increasing
environmental stress tolerance, protection from physical stress,
nutritional deficiencies, and enzymes retention [22]. Planktonic
bacteria and sessile bacteria has difference advantages in terms of
survivability. Lea et al., [22] reported, sessile bacteria in biofilm
colonies has ability to upregulate genes related to environmental
stress response. Moreover, sessile bacteria that live in biofilm have a
higher infection rate. Other than that, bacteria within biofilm more
resistant with antibiotic 10-1000 times higher than the planktonic
bacteria [16], [23], [24]. The resistance of bacteria with antibiotics
occurs due to several factors. The first factor is the structure of the
polymer matrix which makes antibiotic molecules difficult to penetrate
[25]. The matrix of biofilm acts as a barrier for molecules that diffuse
into the biofilm hence difficult for antibiotic molecules to reach bacteria
within the biofilm [26]. Biofilm can also inactivate antibiotic molecules
that enter them through diffusion-reaction inhibition. The inhibitory
reaction occur due to chelation mechanism or complex formations or
degradation using enzymes reaction [16].
Furthermore, bacteria that live in biofilm are known to be in a
stationary phase where bacteria do not reproduce i.e., bacteria
experience a non-growth phase. Some bacteria in this phase also

90 ISST 2022 – FST Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia
International Seminar of Science and Technology “Accelerating Sustainable
Towards Society 5.0