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kegiatan anggota voluntary berdasarkan pada kepentingan
industri mereka (self-interest) dalam mencapai keinginan sosial dari
kegiatan tersebut yang diprakarsai oleh pemerintah.

Tabel 2.22 Istilah dan Definisi Pendekatan Voluntary Dalam
Literatur Ekonomi
Designation Difinisi Penulis
"Voluntary commitments of the industry undertaken in order to Borkey and Leveque (1998)
pursue actions leading to the improvement of the environment"
"Commitments from polluting firms in improving their environmental Carraro and Leveque (1999),
performances" Higley and al.(2001)
"Firms commitment to improve their environmental performance Krarup (2001), Borkey and
Pendekatan volunteri beyond what the law strictly demands" Glachant (1999)
(Voluntary approaches) "Voluntary commitment of regulated entities to define objectives,
related to the environment, beyond the simple compliance to Grolleau (2002)
regulation"
"An agreement between government and industry to facilitate
voluntary action with a desirable social outcome, which is
encourage by the government, to be taken by the participant based OECD (1997)
on the participants self interest"
"Collaboration between government and firms in devising or Harison (1999)
Pendekatan kerjasama implementing policies"
(Co-operative approach) "Horizontal cooperative process in which firms are partners, even if Aggeri (1999)
they are considered as polluters"
Inisiatif voluntari (Voluntary "Non-statutory initiatives that aim an improving corporate Labatt and Maclaren (1998)
initiatives) environmental performance"
Komitment volunteri "Institutional arrangement in which firm play a central role" Borkey and Glachant (1998)
(Voluntary commitments
Instrumen volunteri "Schemes whereby firms make commitment to improve their OECD (1999)
(Voluntary instruments) environmental performance beyond legal requirements"
Pendekatan tidak wajib "Voluntary initiatives taken by plluting firms towards environmental
(Non-mandatory self-regulation as well as market-based and public pressures that Khanna (2001)
approaches) create a demand for self regulation by firms"
Mengelola aturan sendiri "Voluntary association of firms to control their collective King and Lenox (2000)
(Self-regulation) action"
Sumber: Naofel Mzoughi dan Gilles Grollean (2003)
Perjanjian voluntary sebenarnya merupakan negosiasi
kesepakatan dalam persetujuan target untuk pengurangan
emisi. Negara-negara OECD menyebutnya sebagai skema
dimana perusahaan membuat komitmen untuk memperbaiki
KEBIJAKAN PENGENDALIAN LINGKUNGAN
lingkungan di luar persyaratan atau aturan legal-formal. Sebagai
contoh tanggung-jawab program lingkungan untuk manajemen/
mengelola kimia oleh perusahaan-perusahaan di sektor kimia,
contoh lainnya misalnya persetujuan untuk melakukan zero landfill
program. OECD (2003) membedakan empat bentuk dari perjanjian
voluntary (Voluntary Agreement) yaitu:

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