Page 353 - Proceeding The 2nd International Seminar of Science and Technology : Accelerating Sustainable Innovation Towards Society 5.0

nd
he 2 International Seminar of Science and Technology
“Accelerating Sustainable innovation towards Society 5.0”
ISST 2022 FST UT 2022
Universitas Terbuka

The antibacterial activity of active compounds is also influenced by
bacterial cell surface components (cell membrane, cell permeability),
cytoplasmic components, and bacterial virulence factors.[30],[31]
Polar secondary compounds are effective in inhibiting the growth of
gram-positive bacteria, penetrating the peptidoglycan layer which is
also polar, and more easily penetrated by polar antibacterial
compounds.[32],[33] The peptidoglycan structure plays a role in
maintaining osmotic stability and antiphagocytosis with fewer lipids
and contains polysaccharides (teichoic acid). Teichoic acid is a water-
soluble polymer that acts as a carrier for positive ions in or out.[31],[34]
Polar compounds that have entered the bacterial cell immediately
work to destroy the bacteria by denaturing proteins (enzyme catalysts)
and causing the bacterial cell's metabolic activity to stop and resulting
in the death of the bacterial cell.[33],[34] The outer cell membrane of
Gram-negative bacteria is a double layer consisting of phospholipids
(inner layer) and lipopolysaccharide (outer layer), with a high lipid
composition (non-polar) and little peptidoglycan.[32],[33] This makes
it difficult for antibacterial compounds to penetrate gram-negative
bacterial cells. There are relatively more secondary compounds in
M.pudica, thus showing a better antibacterial effect in combination
preparations. It is suspected that the phytochemical groups of
flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins are more responsible for the
antibacterial activity, but it depends on the dose and type of
bacteria.[17],[28]
The mechanism of action of flavonoids as antibacterials is to form
complex compounds with extracellular and soluble proteins.
Flavonoids can damage cell membrane function, as well as inhibit
DNA-RNA synthesis and energy metabolism.[26],[35] Alkaloid
compounds have an inhibitory mechanism by interfering with the
constituent components of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells so that the
cell wall layer does not form completely and causes cell death.[34],[36]
Saponin compounds are antibacterial, work by diffusion through the
outer membrane and vulnerable cell walls, then bind to the
cytoplasmic membrane thereby disrupting and reducing membrane
stability, and ultimately causing cell death due to leakage of cytoplasm
from the cell.[37] Terpenoid compounds can react with porins
316 ISST 2022 – FST Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia
International Seminar of Science and Technology “Accelerating Sustainable
Towards Society 5.0