Page 24 - Reimagining Higher Education : Case Studies On Designing For Inclusion, Equity, And Access In The Buka Project

H. Annala · Learning Design

Another, slightly di erent example of an LD model would be the five-stage

model of teaching and learning (Salmon, 2011), a well-established and widely
adopted evidence-based framework to sca old online teaching and learning that

has been found very useful by many educators around the world. In the five-stage
model, the focus is on supporting the learner in the online environment by

gradually guiding them through the various phases of learning, and the educator is

acting both as an ‘e-moderator’ and a technical support. The key concept here is
sca olding, which refers to a variety of instructional techniques used to move the

learner progressively toward greater understanding and independence in the
learning process. Sca olding as a concept is of course not a new one, and Lev

Vygotsky's theory of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (1978; 1986) is often

considered to be a parallel concept. However, there is far too much design work
that has failed to take these aspects into account, and the results are unfortunately

often visible in the form of poor learning outcomes and low student success rates.
Figure 2 illustrates the five-stage model (please note the dual role of the

facilitator):

Figure 2

The five-stage model (Salmon, 2022) © Gilly Salmon CC-BY-NC-ND

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