Page 125 - Proceeding The 2nd International Seminar of Science and Technology : Accelerating Sustainable Innovation Towards Society 5.0

nd
The 2 International Seminar of Science and Technology
“Accelerating Sustainable innovation towards Society 5.0”
ISST 2022 FST UT 2022
Universitas Terbuka
1 INTRODUCTION
Mangrove forests are a forest ecosystem commonly growing along the
border area between sea and land, mainly tropical and subtropical
areas that are protected. They thrive well around protected river
mouths and have mud substrates. They are less dense in
environments that have no river mouths. They cannot withstand high
waves, and high and steep tidal currents that do not allow mud and
sand deposits to be the growth medium. They flourish in coastal areas
that have extreme salt levels, saturated water, and less stable and
anaerobic substrates [1].
Mangrove ecosystems of Indonesia have a high diversity of
vegetation. It is reported that 89 plant species comprising 35 species
of trees, 29 species of epiphytes, 9 species of shrubs, 5 species of
herbs, and 2 species of parasites are associated with mangrove
habitats [2]. In the coastal environments of Surabaya, mangrove
vegetation typically consists of 70 plant species comprising 25 true
mangroves and 45 associate mangroves [3]. A study in West Bangka
found 25 plant species from 19 families [4]. Mangroves are a highly
viable ecosystem with various ecological, physical, and socio-
economic benefits. It is therefore essential to preserve their
sustainability.
Recent years have witnessed the loss of mangrove areas, posing
threats to mangrove degradation. In 2021, Indonesia was home to
3.364.076 Ha of mangroves, with a dense category of 3.121.239 Ha
(93%), medium 188.363 Ha (5%), and sparse 54.474 Ha (2%) [1]. The
area declined by 3.58% from 2015 that spanned 3.489.140,68 Ha [2].
In South Sulawesi, mangroves occupy a mere 12.256,9 Ha [3], of
which 60.4 Ha is located in Pangkajene Regency and Pangkep Islands
[5]. Mangrove deforestation is primarily due to land conversion for
various uses, such as agriculture, pond farming and residential uses.
If this persists, mangrove degradation will eventually be detrimental to
fish resources.
In line with the preservation of natural resources and environment, the
role of Universitas Terbuka (UT) as the 45th state-chartered University

104 ISST 2022 – FST Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia
International Seminar of Science and Technology “Accelerating Sustainable
Towards Society 5.0