{"id":34196,"date":"2025-09-27T16:00:44","date_gmt":"2025-09-27T09:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/?p=34196"},"modified":"2025-09-28T14:09:59","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T07:09:59","slug":"biol4420-pencemaran-lingkungan-edisi-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/biol4420-pencemaran-lingkungan-edisi-3\/","title":{"rendered":"BIOL4420 \u2013 Pencemaran Lingkungan (Edisi 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av-layout-grid-1' class='av-layout-grid-container entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells    container_wrap sidebar_right'   >\n<div class=\"flex_cell no_margin av_one_fifth   \" style='vertical-align:top; padding:30px; '><div class='flex_cell_inner' ><\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex_cell no_margin av_three_fifth   \" style='vertical-align:top; padding:30px; background-color:#f4f3f2; '><div class='flex_cell_inner' ><p><div class=\"flex_column av_one_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding first  \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-align-center '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><a href='https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BIOL4420.png' class='avia_image'  ><img class='avia_image ' src='https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/BIOL4420.png' alt='' title='BIOL4420'  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div class='avia-button-wrap avia-button-center '><a href='https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/reader\/index.php?modul=BIOL442003' class='avia-button   avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-color-theme-color avia-size-small avia-position-center '  target=\"_blank\"   ><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left ' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue85d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >FULLTEXT BIOL4420<\/span><\/a><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Untuk menggunakan layanan RBV secara fulltext, Anda gunakan login yang teraktivasi pada UT-Online (http:\/\/elearning.ut.ac.id) dan terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa Universitas Terbuka<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='avia-button-wrap avia-button-center '><a href='http:\/\/elearning.ut.ac.id' class='avia-button   avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-color-theme-color avia-size-small avia-position-center '   ><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left ' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue836' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' > elearning.ut.ac.id<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/p><\/div><div class=\"flex_column av_three_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='padding-bottom:10px;' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h3     '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >BIOL4420 \u2013 Pencemaran Lingkungan (Edisi 3)<\/h3><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Subardan Rochmad, Soejono Soenhadji, Suyud Warno Utomo<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Edisi 3 \/ 3 SKS \/ 9 Modul<\/li>\n<li>464 Halaman: ilustrasi; 27 cm<\/li>\n<li>ISBN 978-623-312-501-7<\/li>\n<li>ISBN (E) 978-623-312-502-4<\/li>\n<li>Tangerang Selatan: Universitas Terbuka, 2023<\/li>\n<li>Kelas DDC [23] 363.7<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Buku Materi Pokok (BMP) BIOL4420 Pencemaran Lingkungan memberikan dasar pengetahuan melalui penjelasan tentang prinsip, konsep umum dan dampak pencemaran, pencemaran suara, pencemaran udara, pencemaran air, pencemaran tanah, limbah padat (sampah), limbah cair dan teknik pembuangannya, baku mutu lingkungan, serta tingkat pencemaran lingkungan. Melalui BMP ini, diharapkan pembaca mampu menjelaskan berbagai prinsip, konsep, dan dampak pencemaran lingkungan termasuk menjelaskan berbagai prinsip pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan ke dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, BMP BIOL4420 dari modul 1 sampai modul 9 secara keseluruhan sudah baik. Keunggulan utama baik dari segi substansi maupun penyajian, yaitu secara umum substansi yang diberikan sudah sesuai untuk mahasiswa strata satu (S1). Kaitan substansi dengan kondisi saat ini dan memang harus dimiliki oleh mahasiswa sebagai dasar pengetahuan.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class=\"tabcontainer   top_tab  \">\n\n<section class=\"av_tab_section\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" >    <div data-fake-id=\"#tab-id-1\" class=\"tab active_tab\"  itemprop=\"headline\" >Tinjauan Mata Kuliah<\/div>\n    <div id=\"tab-id-1-container\" class=\"tab_content active_tab_content\">\n        <div class=\"tab_inner_content invers-color\"  itemprop=\"text\" >\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-content\/uploads\/pdfmk\/BIOL442003-TM.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\" data-toolbar=\"bottom\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"off\">BIOL442003-TM<\/a>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<section class=\"av_tab_section\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" >    <div data-fake-id=\"#tab-id-2\" class=\"tab \"  itemprop=\"headline\" >Daftar Isi<\/div>\n    <div id=\"tab-id-2-container\" class=\"tab_content \">\n        <div class=\"tab_inner_content invers-color\"  itemprop=\"text\" >\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-content\/uploads\/pdfmk\/BIOL442003-DI.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\" data-toolbar=\"bottom\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"off\">BIOL442003-DI<\/a>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"flex_column av_one_fifth  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><div class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix '><div id=\"custom_html-9\" class=\"widget_text widget clearfix widget_custom_html\"><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"supsystic-table-85_16367\" class=\"supsystic-tables-wrap \" style=\" width:100%; visibility: hidden; \" data-table-width-fixed=\"100%\" data-table-width-mobile=\"100%\" ><table id=\"supsystic-table-85\" class=\"supsystic-table lfixed paragraphMode border stripe lightboxImg cell-border\" data-id=\"85\" data-view-id=\"85_16367\" data-title=\"Widget FST\" data-currency-format=\"$1,000.00\" data-percent-format=\"10.00%\" data-date-format=\"DD.MM.YYYY\" data-time-format=\"HH:mm\" data-features=\"[&quot;after_table_loaded_script&quot;]\" data-search-value=\"\" data-lfixed=\"1\" data-lightbox-img=\"\" data-head-rows-count=\"1\" data-pagination-length=\"50,100,All\" data-auto-index=\"off\" data-searching-settings=\"{&quot;columnSearchPosition&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;minChars&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-lang=\"default\" data-override=\"{&quot;emptyTable&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;info&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;infoEmpty&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;infoFiltered&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lengthMenu&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;search&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;previous&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;next&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;zeroRecords&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;exportLabel&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;default&quot;}\" data-merged=\"[]\" data-responsive-mode=\"0\" data-from-history=\"0\" ><thead><tr><th class=\"\" style=\"width:100%; padding: 0 !important;\"><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A1\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"1\" data-db-index=\"1\" class=\"bold color-ffffff htCenter fsize-12 htMiddle bg-7c9bce\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"FST\" data-order=\"FST\" style=\"min-width:100%; width:100%;\" >FST <\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A2\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"2\" data-db-index=\"2\" class=\"fsize-12 bold htCenter htMiddle bg-efefef\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"Program Studi\" data-order=\"Program Studi\" >Program Studi <\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A3\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"3\" data-db-index=\"3\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/matematika-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Matematika (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/matematika-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Matematika (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/matematika-s1\/\" target=\"_self\">Matematika (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A4\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"4\" data-db-index=\"4\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/statistika-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Statistika (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/statistika-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Statistika (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/statistika-s1\/\" target=\"_self\">Statistika (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A5\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"5\" data-db-index=\"5\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/biologi-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Biologi (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/biologi-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Biologi (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/biologi-s1\/\" target=\"_self\">Biologi (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A6\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"6\" data-db-index=\"6\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/perencanaan-wilayah-dan-kota-s1\/\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/perencanaan-wilayah-dan-kota-s1\/\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/perencanaan-wilayah-dan-kota-s1\/\/\" target=\"_self\">Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A7\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"7\" data-db-index=\"7\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/sistem-informasi-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Sistem Informasi (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/sistem-informasi-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Sistem Informasi (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/sistem-informasi-s1\/\" target=\"_self\">Sistem Informasi (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A8\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"8\" data-db-index=\"8\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/sains-data-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Sains Data (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/sains-data-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Sains Data (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/sains-data-s1\/\" target=\"_self\">Sains Data (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A9\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"9\" data-db-index=\"9\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/agribisnis-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Agribisnis (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/agribisnis-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Agribisnis (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/agribisnis-s1\/\" target=\"_self\">Agribisnis (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A10\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"10\" data-db-index=\"10\" class=\"htLeft fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/teknologi-pangan-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Teknologi Pangan (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/teknologi-pangan-s1\/&quot; target=&quot;_self&quot;&gt;Teknologi Pangan (S1)&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/rbv\/fst\/teknologi-pangan-s1\/\" target=\"_self\">Teknologi Pangan (S1)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A11\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"11\" data-db-index=\"11\" class=\"fsize-12 bold htCenter htMiddle bg-efefef\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"Katalog Kurikulum\" data-order=\"Katalog Kurikulum\" >Katalog Kurikulum <\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A12\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"12\" data-db-index=\"12\" class=\"fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ut.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/03-Katalog-Sistem-Penyelenggaraan-Universitas-Terbuka-2025-2026-05062025.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Katalog UT Sistem Penyelenggaraan 2025\/2026&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ut.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/03-Katalog-Sistem-Penyelenggaraan-Universitas-Terbuka-2025-2026-05062025.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Katalog UT Sistem Penyelenggaraan 2025\/2026&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ut.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/03-Katalog-Sistem-Penyelenggaraan-Universitas-Terbuka-2025-2026-05062025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Katalog UT Sistem Penyelenggaraan 2025\/2026<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height:px\" ><td data-cell-id=\"A13\" data-x=\"0\" data-y=\"13\" data-db-index=\"13\" class=\"fsize-12\" data-cell-type=\"text\" data-original-value=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ut.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/01-Katalog-Kurikulum-FEB-FHISIP-FKIP-Non-PGSD-Non-PGPAUD-dan-Non-PAI-FST-UT-2025-2026-05062025.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Katalog Kurikulum FE, FHISIP, FKIP, FST UT 2025\/2026&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-order=\"&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ut.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/01-Katalog-Kurikulum-FEB-FHISIP-FKIP-Non-PGSD-Non-PGPAUD-dan-Non-PAI-FST-UT-2025-2026-05062025.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Katalog Kurikulum FE, FHISIP, FKIP, FST UT 2025\/2026&lt;\/a&gt;\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ut.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/01-Katalog-Kurikulum-FEB-FHISIP-FKIP-Non-PGSD-Non-PGPAUD-dan-Non-PAI-FST-UT-2025-2026-05062025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Katalog Kurikulum FE, FHISIP, FKIP, FST UT 2025\/2026<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><!-- \/#supsystic-table-85.supsystic-table --><\/div><!-- \/.supsystic-tables-wrap --><!-- Tables Generator by Supsystic --><!-- Version:1.11.0 --><!-- http:\/\/supsystic.com\/ --><a title=\"WP Table Builder\" style=\"display:none;\" href=\"https:\/\/supsystic.com\/plugins\/wordpress-data-table-plugin\/?utm_medium=love_link\" target=\"_blank\">WP Table Builder<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"flex_cell no_margin av_one_fifth   \" style='vertical-align:top; padding:30px; '><div class='flex_cell_inner' ><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":34218,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[119,115],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biologi-s1","category-ruang-baca-virtual"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34196"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34196\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34475,"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34196\/revisions\/34475"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34218"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34196"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pustaka.ut.ac.id\/lib\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}